![]() Capitalism, having outcompeted other economic systems, will likely remain the dominant system for the foreseeable future its “inherent expansionary tendencies ” (Clark and York 2005:391, see also Harvey 2005, Ripple et al. Expansionist economic models play a key role as well. 1972, Stutz 2010, Davis 2016), and energy use (EIA 2016) have proliferated. Rates of interspecies wealth transfer have varied throughout human history, but have trended upward as agriculture (Tauger 2010), industrial processes (Meadows et al. Whereas HANPP focuses on “total carbon produced annually by plant growth, ” interspecies wealth transfer encompasses forms of wealth beyond the productivity of the land, including waste treatment, disturbance regulation, and refugia (Costanza et al. This concept is similar to, but distinct from, the concept of “human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) ” (Haberl et al. Viewing human exploitation of ecosystems and non-human species as appropriation of ecological wealth reveals a massive interspecies wealth transfer from non-human species to humans. 2010), and environmental full-cost accounting (Epstein 1996) describe various ways in which ecosystems provide forms of wealth, e.g., energy, habitat, food, building materials, and other natural resources. As humans appropriate ecosystems for their own uses-converting forests to farmland, marshes to malls-many non-human organisms have been crowded out, often resulting in local or global extinction.Ĭoncepts such as ecosystem services (Costanza et al. Even in the absence of humans, it could take 3–7 million years for evolution to restore mammal species richness to prehuman levels (Davis et al. 2017) to 1000 times (Gilbert 2018), with up to 150 species lost daily (Djoghlaf 2007). Human exploitation of Earth’s ecosystems-extracting resources, co-opting ecosystem services, and killing organisms for humanity’s own use-has, in large part, made these increases possible.ĭuring the same period, Earth’s biodiversity has come under tremendous stress, with extinction rates estimated to have exceeded the background rate over the past 2 million years by roughly 100 times (Ceballos et al. Human energy use during the same period has increased as well, more than tripling per capita and growing 25-fold in total (Ritchie et al. Over the past several centuries, the human population has grown dramatically, from less than 1 billion in 1800 to over 7.8 billion people at present (Our World in Data 2020). ![]() Ecosystemas also may afford greater leverage for effectively managing current environmental crises than existing anthropocentric design approaches. This construct could help discern ecosystem level impacts and enable them to influence design processes more effectively. The ecosystema construct is analogous to a persona, but at the level of an entire ecosystem rather than of a particular human population. The ecosystema is based on the concept of personas: distilled representations of particular user groups that are a key part of many design processes. We offer a conceptual tool, the ecosystema, that may help enable design processes to support the redistribution of ecological wealth to nonhuman species. We use this framework to critique the broad endeavor of design, and in particular human-computer interaction design, as it has been pursued by human civilization over the past several decades. Envisioning this process as a transfer of ecological wealth among species provides a framework within which to examine human activities. This growth has relied on Homo sapiens appropriating ecosystem services previously shared more equitably with many other species. If you ever want to check you old configuration, you can just rename the new "Planetary Annihilation" to something else and rename "Planetary Annihilation.bak" back to "Planetary Annihilation".Human population and energy use have increased rapidly in recent centuries. Then when you start PA, it will create a new "Planetary Annihilation" directory with a clean configuration. Then rename "Planetary Annihilation" to "Planetary Annihilation.bak" (while PA is closed of course). OSX: ~/Library/Application Support/Uber Entertainment/ Windows: %LOCALAPPDATA%\Uber Entertainment\ (Just copy-paste this in the address bar of Explorer) To reset your configuration, you'll need to go here: You'll also lose all of your settings, locally saved games, mods, Galactic Wars, etc. That means you'll need to export all of you current systems. They only way to fix it, is to clear the entire configuration of PA. Do you sometimes run multiple instances of PA maybe?Īnyway, the result is that no more new systems can be saved. Somehow the local storage that PA uses can become corrupted. I've come across it five or six times now (from other users). ![]() Click to expand.This is unfortunately not a new bug.
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